S. Turning Scores into Measures

What every scientist andlayman means by a "measure" is anumber with which arithmetic can be done, a number which can be added and subtracted and differences from which can be multiplied and divided with results that maintain their numerical meaning. The original observations in any science are never measures in this sense. They cannot be measures because a measure implies and requires the previous construction andmaintenance of an abstract quantitative system which has been shown in practice to be useful for measuring .